Antibodies are proteins. In the body, they are made by B cells of the immune system. To produce antibodies as therapeutics, they are synthesized by cells in culture. The structure of an antibody is defined by the amino acid sequence of the protein (Figure 1). The incredible diversity of antibodies, which is essential to our … Read more
A type of immunotherapy uses antibodies that activate the TNF receptor family member CD40 on immune cells. CD40 is present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system and is activated by surface-bound proteins called CD40L. Activation of CD40 on APCs stimulates these cells to take up and display antigens to T and B cells, … Read more
COVID-19 vaccines are safe and do not cause COVID-19, but the immune response can cause fever and body aches and headache.
Valneva reports the subjects in Phase II clinical trial of Lyme disease vaccine develop antibodies. The results were positive enough to inspire Pfizer to join with Valneva to continue testing in the next phase of clinical trials and, hopefully, bring this to market. Find out more about the vaccine strategy and Lyme disease: Read More … Read more
Read COVID-19 articles by Nancy R. Gough covering immune responses, vaccines, and tips for dealing with the virus.