Self-antigens can stimulate the immune response to cancer cells. Image shows a healthy cell surrounded by 3 cancer cells. One with mutations that create proteins with neo-antigens (new antigens), one with mutations that cause excessive production of a protein or the appearance of a protein at the cell surface, and one with biochemical changes that alter the modifications on proteins. Image by Nancy R. Gough, PhD, BioSerendipity, LLC
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N. R. Gough, Can you be vaccinated against yourself? BioSerendipity (3 August 2017). https://www.bioserendipity.com/2017/08/03/can-you-be-vaccinated-against-yourself/