Two vaccines are mRNA-based vaccines delivered in a lipid nanoparticle. Those are the Moderna and BioNTech & Pfizer vaccines. The one by the University of Oxford & AstraZeneca is a DNA-based vaccine delivered in an engineered virus that cannot replicate or cause infection. All of the 3 vaccines provide the injected cells with the instructions to make a protein from the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 called the S protein for Spike protein. The S protein is part of the outside of the coronavirus particle and is required for entry into cells to cause infection. [Credit: Vaccine diagrams created with BioRender.com and compiled by Nancy R. Gough, BioSerendipity, LLC]
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