Target tissue type, as well as a patient’s gender, nutritional, and reproductive status, must be considered to manipulate signaling through the RANKL/RANK pathway for therapeutic benefit. In some contexts, activating this pathway can be beneficial and in others inhibiting this pathway is beneficial. RANKL is the ligand, RANK [receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)] … Read more
Some cancer immunotherapy drugs turn off a signaling pathway; others turn on a signaling pathway (1). FDA-approved immunotherapy drugs that target the PD-L1/PD-1 or CTLA-4/B-7 immune checkpoints function as antagonists to block immune signaling pathways. Investigational immunotherapy drugs that target GITRL/GITR function as agonists to activate an immune signaling pathway. Investigational drugs that target OX40L/OX40 … Read more
From Osteoporosis to Breast Cancer Denosumab, a biologic agent, and bisphosphonates, which are small molecule drugs, reduce fractures that are complications of osteoporosis, including those caused by breast cancer hormone therapies that block estrogen signaling, menopause, or surgically-induced menopause (oophorectomy with or without hysterectomy). Both denosumab and bisphosphonates also reduce the risk of bone metastasis … Read more